(This is an archived page, from the Patterns of Power Edition 3 book. Current versions are at book contents).
Social media sites on the Internet have become an increasingly important source of news for many people. For example, a Pew Research survey, News Use Across Social Media Platforms 2016, found that “A majority of U.S. adults – 62% – get news on social media, and 18% do so often”. This pattern is a cause for concern, because it is largely unattributable and therefore unaccountable; The Economist asked "Do social media threaten democracy?" and argued that they are “spreading untruth and outrage, corroding voters’ judgment and aggravating partisanship”.
Commercial media organisations are at least partly accountable and they want to retain their credibility – although there are exceptions (6.4.3.3). People can publish outright lies or ‘fake news’ on social media, however, without being sued; people pass stories on to others so that the story rapidly gains momentum: ‘going viral’. A Guardian article, How technology disrupted the truth, explained in some detail how this led to “post-truth politics” in the British vote for Brexit. As argued in a New York Times article entitled Am I imagining This?, ‘fake news’ also undermines American politics.
Although falsehoods have always been used in politics, 'fake news' is a new term; a BBC article, The (almost) complete history of 'fake news', credited Buzzfeed with coining the expression after investigating stories coming from a “town in Macedonia called Veles" in 2016 – where people were making money from them. The term 'click bait' is used to describe messages which are so incendiary that people eagerly pass them to all their contacts. Since Facebook carries advertising, which pays more on sites which receive a lot of clicks, there is a financial incentive to create fake news.
The algorithms used by social media companies tend to offer information to users based upon their past preferences – creating an 'echo chamber' effect where people only hear news that matches their existing attitudes. As described in an Economist article entitled Less Euromaidan, more Gamergate, “These effects are part of what is increasing America’s political polarisation”. And this problem is not confined to America: as the New York Times reported, Europe Combats a New Foe of Political Stability: Fake News.
Noah Charney explained the phenomenon of "confirmation bias", which ensures that the human brain uncritically absorbs information that matches its existing views whilst tending to disbelieve or ignore information to the contrary; he related it to the 2016 American presidential election, in a Salon article: This is your brain on fake news: what’s behind the human willingness to swallow “alternative facts. People's viewpoints get reinforced, as more news of the same sort is fed to them, so they cannot believe that they have been misled.
Politicians now use social media. For example, Donald Trump uses Twitter extensively and, during the American presidential election in 2016, “routinely repeated false news stories and whipped up conspiracy theories … while urging his followers not to trust corrupt traditional media” – as reported in a Guardian article entitled Facebook’s failure: did fake news and polarized politics get Trump elected?.