eft:0cm; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; font-weight:bold;} p.MsoHeading7, li.MsoHeading7, div.MsoHeading7 {margin-top:12.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:3.0pt; margin-left:0cm; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoHeading8, li.MsoHeading8, div.MsoHeading8 {margin-top:12.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:3.0pt; margin-left:0cm; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; font-style:italic;} p.MsoHeading9, li.MsoHeading9, div.MsoHeading9 {margin-top:12.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:3.0pt; margin-left:0cm; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;} p.MsoIndex1, li.MsoIndex1, div.MsoIndex1 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:12.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-12.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoIndex2, li.MsoIndex2, div.MsoIndex2 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:24.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-12.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoIndex3, li.MsoIndex3, div.MsoIndex3 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:36.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-12.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoIndex4, li.MsoIndex4, div.MsoIndex4 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:48.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-12.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoIndex5, li.MsoIndex5, div.MsoIndex5 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:60.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-12.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoIndex6, li.MsoIndex6, div.MsoIndex6 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:72.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-12.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoIndex7, li.MsoIndex7, div.MsoIndex7 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:84.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-12.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoIndex8, li.MsoIndex8, div.MsoIndex8 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:96.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-12.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoIndex9, li.MsoIndex9, div.MsoIndex9 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:108.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-12.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoToc1, li.MsoToc1, div.MsoToc1 {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:105%; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; font-weight:bold;} p.MsoToc2, li.MsoToc2, div.MsoToc2 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:12.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoToc3, li.MsoToc3, div.MsoToc3 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:24.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoToc4, li.MsoToc4, div.MsoToc4 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:36.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoToc5, li.MsoToc5, div.MsoToc5 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:48.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoToc6, li.MsoToc6, div.MsoToc6 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:60.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoToc7, li.MsoToc7, div.MsoToc7 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:72.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoToc8, li.MsoToc8, div.MsoToc8 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:84.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoToc9, li.MsoToc9, div.MsoToc9 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:96.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoNormalIndent, li.MsoNormalIndent, div.MsoNormalIndent {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:36.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoFootnoteText, li.MsoFootnoteText, div.MsoFootnoteText {margin-top:6.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoCommentText, li.MsoCommentText, div.MsoCommentText {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoHeader, li.MsoHeader, div.MsoHeader {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoFooter, li.MsoFooter, div.MsoFooter {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoIndexHeading, li.MsoIndexHeading, div.MsoIndexHeading {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; font-weight:bold;} p.MsoCaption, li.MsoCaption, div.MsoCaption {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; font-weight:bold;} p.MsoEnvelopeAddress, li.MsoEnvelopeAddress, div.MsoEnvelopeAddress {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:144.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;} p.MsoEnvelopeReturn, li.MsoEnvelopeReturn, div.MsoEnvelopeReturn {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;} span.MsoFootnoteReference {vertical-align:baseline;} span.MsoEndnoteReference {vertical-align:baseline;} p.MsoEndnoteText, li.MsoEndnoteText, div.MsoEndnoteText {mso-style-link:"Endnote Text Char"; margin-top:3.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoMacroText, li.MsoMacroText, div.MsoMacroText {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Courier New";} p.MsoToaHeading, li.MsoToaHeading, div.MsoToaHeading {margin-top:6.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; font-weight:bold;} p.MsoList, li.MsoList, div.MsoList {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:18.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoListBullet, li.MsoListBullet, div.MsoListBullet {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:18.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoListNumber, li.MsoListNumber, div.MsoListNumber {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:18.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoList2, li.MsoList2, div.MsoList2 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:36.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoList3, li.MsoList3, div.MsoList3 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:54.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoList4, li.MsoList4, div.MsoList4 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:72.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoList5, li.MsoList5, div.MsoList5 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:90.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoListBullet2, li.MsoListBullet2, div.MsoListBullet2 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:36.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoListBullet3, li.MsoListBullet3, div.MsoListBullet3 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:54.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoListBullet4, li.MsoListBullet4, div.MsoListBullet4 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:72.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoListBullet5, li.MsoListBullet5, div.MsoListBullet5 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:90.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoListNumber2, li.MsoListNumber2, div.MsoListNumber2 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:36.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoListNumber3, li.MsoListNumber3, div.MsoListNumber3 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:54.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoListNumber4, li.MsoListNumber4, div.MsoListNumber4 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:72.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoListNumber5, li.MsoListNumber5, div.MsoListNumber5 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:90.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoTitle, li.MsoTitle, div.MsoTitle {mso-style-link:"Title Char"; margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm; text-align:center; font-size:18.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; font-weight:bold;} p.MsoClosing, li.MsoClosing, div.MsoClosing {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:216.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoSignature, li.MsoSignature, div.MsoSignature {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:216.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoBodyText, li.MsoBodyText, div.MsoBodyText {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoListContinue, li.MsoListContinue, div.MsoListContinue {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:18.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoListContinue2, li.MsoListContinue2, div.MsoListContinue2 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:36.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoListContinue3, li.MsoListContinue3, div.MsoListContinue3 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:54.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoListContinue4, li.MsoListContinue4, div.MsoListContinue4 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:72.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoListContinue5, li.MsoListContinue5, div.MsoListContinue5 {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:90.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoMessageHeader, li.MsoMessageHeader, div.MsoMessageHeader {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:54.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-54.0pt; background:#CCCCCC; border:none; padding:0cm; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;} p.MsoSubtitle, li.MsoSubtitle, div.MsoSubtitle {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:3.0pt; margin-left:0cm; text-align:center; font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; font-weight:bold;} p.MsoSalutation, li.MsoSalutation, div.MsoSalutation {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoDate, li.MsoDate, div.MsoDate {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoNoteHeading, li.MsoNoteHeading, div.MsoNoteHeading {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p.MsoBlockText, li.MsoBlockText, div.MsoBlockText {margin-top:0cm; margin-right:72.0pt; margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:72.0pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink {color:blue; text-decoration:underline;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed {color:purple; text-decoration:underline;} p.MsoDocumentMap, li.MsoDocumentMap, div.MsoDocumentMap {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; background:navy; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;} p.MsoPlainText, li.MsoPlainText, div.MsoPlainText {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New";} p.MsoAutoSig, li.MsoAutoSig, div.MsoAutoSig {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} p {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} address {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; font-style:italic;} code {font-family:"Courier New";} kbd {font-family:"Courier New";} pre {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New";} samp {font-family:"Courier New";} tt {font-family:"Courier New";} p.MsoCommentSubject, li.MsoCommentSubject, div.MsoCommentSubject {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; font-weight:bold;} p.MsoAcetate, li.MsoAcetate, div.MsoAcetate {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:8.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;} p.leftjustified, li.leftjustified, div.leftjustified {mso-style-name:"left justified"; mso-style-link:"left justified Char"; margin-top:6.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:105%; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} span.leftjustifiedChar {mso-style-name:"left justified Char"; mso-style-link:"left justified"; font-family:"MS Mincho";} p.bulleted, li.bulleted, div.bulleted {mso-style-name:bulleted; mso-style-link:"bulleted Char"; margin-top:3.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:105%; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} span.bulletedChar {mso-style-name:"bulleted Char"; mso-style-link:bulleted;} p.heading, li.heading, div.heading {mso-style-name:heading; mso-style-link:"heading Char"; margin-top:9.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black; font-weight:bold;} span.headingChar {mso-style-name:"heading Char"; mso-style-link:heading; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black; font-weight:bold;} p.indented, li.indented, div.indented {mso-style-name:indented; mso-style-link:"indented Char"; margin-top:3.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:14.2pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:105%; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} span.indentedChar {mso-style-name:"indented Char"; mso-style-link:indented; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black;} p.strapline, li.strapline, div.strapline {mso-style-name:strapline; mso-style-link:"strapline Char"; margin-top:9.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:3.0pt; margin-left:14.2pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; font-weight:bold;} span.straplineChar {mso-style-name:"strapline Char"; mso-style-link:strapline; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight:bold;} p.numbered, li.numbered, div.numbered {mso-style-name:numbered; mso-style-link:"numbered Char"; margin-top:6.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:14.2pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-14.2pt; line-height:105%; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} span.numberedChar {mso-style-name:"numbered Char"; mso-style-link:numbered; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;} p.listcontinuation, li.listcontinuation, div.listcontinuation {mso-style-name:"list continuation"; mso-style-link:"list continuation Char"; margin-top:3.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:105%; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black;} span.listcontinuationChar {mso-style-name:"list continuation Char"; mso-style-link:"list continuation"; color:black;} span.Heading2Char {mso-style-name:"Heading 2 Char"; mso-style-link:"Heading 2"; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; font-weight:bold;} span.Heading3Char {mso-style-name:"Heading 3 Char"; mso-style-link:"Heading 3"; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black; font-weight:bold;} span.TitleChar {mso-style-name:"Title Char"; mso-style-link:Title; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; font-weight:bold;} p.Footnote, li.Footnote, div.Footnote {mso-style-name:Footnote; mso-style-link:"Footnote Char"; margin-top:3.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:14.2pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:105%; font-size:8.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black;} span.FootnoteChar {mso-style-name:"Footnote Char"; mso-style-link:Footnote; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; color:black;} p.Bulleted0, li.Bulleted0, div.Bulleted0 {mso-style-name:Bulleted; mso-style-link:"Bulleted Char"; margin-top:3.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:28.4pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-14.2pt; line-height:105%; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} span.BulletedChar0 {mso-style-name:"Bulleted Char"; mso-style-link:Bulleted;} span.Heading1Char {mso-style-name:"Heading 1 Char"; mso-style-link:"Heading 1"; font-family:"MS Gothic"; font-weight:bold;} span.Heading4Char {mso-style-name:"Heading 4 Char"; mso-style-link:"Heading 4"; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic;} span.EndnoteTextChar {mso-style-name:"Endnote Text Char"; mso-style-link:"Endnote Text";} p.indentedbullets, li.indentedbullets, div.indentedbullets {mso-style-name:"indented bullets"; margin-top:2.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:60.55pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; line-height:105%; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} span.EndnoteContinuationChar {mso-style-name:"Endnote Continuation Char"; mso-style-link:"Endnote Continuation";} p.EndnoteContinuation, li.EndnoteContinuation, div.EndnoteContinuation {mso-style-name:"Endnote Continuation"; mso-style-link:"Endnote Continuation Char"; margin-top:3.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; line-height:105%; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} span.quotationindentedChar {mso-style-name:"quotation indented Char"; mso-style-link:"quotation indented";} p.quotationindented, li.quotationindented, div.quotationindented {mso-style-name:"quotation indented"; mso-style-link:"quotation indented Char"; margin-top:3.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:35.45pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} .MsoChpDefault {font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;} /* Page Definitions */ @page WordSection1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:31.2pt 36.0pt 31.2pt 36.0pt;} div.WordSection1 {page:WordSection1;} /* List Definitions */ ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} -->

7.4.6.2   Internal Activities of Defence Forces

(This is an archived page, from the Patterns of Power Edition 3 book.  Current versions are at book contents).

A corrupt government, or one which lacks popular legitimacy, can use its defence forces to keep itself in power:

·     A government can gather intelligence to uncover potential resistance (7.3.4.1), so that it can imprison or assassinate opposition leaders.

·     It can use the army to maintain law and order – despite the fact that army skills are inappropriate for use against fellow citizens (7.4.1.3).  An Economist article on Sudan in 2014 for example, Downhill, reported that:

“The army, which Mr Bashir once headed, still underpins the regime. Over 60% of government expenditure goes on defence and security—without including the cost of new hardware, which is off the books.”

·     If the army is independently powerful it can choose whether or not to keep a government in power – as in Egypt, for example; a BBC article, Egypt's army in control of vast business empire, reported that:

“Estimates vary as to the size of their industries - they account for around 8%-40% of Egypt's gross national product.”

·     In some cultures it is expected that a president would have all the trappings of power.  Parading a defence capability is a demonstration of power and an opportunity to send diplomatic signals.  For example a BBC report, Russia stages massive WW2 parade despite Western boycott, described new weaponry, the attendance of allies including China and Venezuela, and the Western boycott in protest against Russia’s annexation of Crimea.